The Ethics Of Genetic Engineering Essay - 1940 Words

The acceptability of a certain form of technology can either be based on whether or not it improves the lives of humans and whether or not it is considered part of the social norm. It stands to reason that Genetic engineering can be accepted and subsequently refined to evolve the human race, as shown with its ability to improve quality of life through advancements in agriculture and medicine. Genetic engineering is the manual modification of an organism’s genetic composition by artificial means in order to transfer the specific traits, genes from one organism into a plant or animal of an entirely different species; in order to add a trait that would not normally be found within the species of the specific organism. According to Dr. Ron Epstein, professor of family medicine, psychiatry and oncology, Genetic engineering is a completely new kind of science that concerns itself with changing nature itself on the most fundamental level whereas previous science aimed to understand h ow nature works. As a result, there is a lot of controversy and worry stemming from the potential risk of bringing chaos and destruction to society that comes from the implementation of Genetic Engineering. Therefore, in order to come to an agreement on whether or not the benefits of Genetic Engineering are greater than the risks both sides of the argument must be weighed equally. One side of the argument that promotes Genetic engineering reason that the potential benefits outweigh any potential risks,Show MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Genetic Engineering1639 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic engineering has to do with manipulating organisms and DNA to create body characteristics. The practice of genetic DNA has shown an increasing amount over the past years. The process of genetic enhancement involves manipulating organisms by using biotechnologies. The technique is by removing a DNA from one life form and transferring it to another set of traits or organism. Certain barriers are conquered, and the procedure involves changing a form of cells, resulting from an improvement orRead MoreThe Ethics Of Genetic Engineering2194 Words   |  9 Pagescalled genetic engineering. Some of the living things being experimented on are live people, plants, and animals. Today scientists are debating on the morals of genetic engineering due to what the community thinks of it, because o f the christian s viewpoint of genetic engineering. To some christians it may pose a threat to their, but to others it may be a blessing or a gift. Genetic Engineering is a growing breakthrough in the science community. â€Å"Over the last 30 years, the field of genetic engineeringRead MoreEthics of Genetic Engineering Essay637 Words   |  3 PagesEthics of Genetic Engineering Within the last two decades scientists have developed several new techniques, which manipulate and alter the genes found in the cells of living organisms. This wonder of the century, genetic engineering has turned heredity --the passing of inheritable characteristics from parent to off spring- from a natural, random event into a process that can be artificially controlled and exploited. It has the potential of giving humanity unprecedented power over life itselfRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Genetic Engineering1454 Words   |  6 PagesBiemmnet Eshete Professor Eng 112 2 November 2015 The Ethics of Human Genetic Engineering DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic corrosive is an atom that conveys a large portion of the hereditary guidelines utilized as a part of the improvement, working and propagation of all known living creatures and numerous infections. The National Institutes of Health and Welcome Trust from the London UK and Craig Vendor of Celera Genomics from Maryland USA at the same time exhibited the groupingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Genetic Engineering1424 Words   |  6 PagesImagine the possibility of eliminating serious genetic diseases from the world. Imagine the idea of treating, preventing or even curing diseases that are yet to be cured. Imagine the feeling of being given improved health and a prolonged lifespan. This can all be accomplished with the aide of genetic engineering. Human genetic engineering refers to the process of directly manipulating human DNA to produce wanted results. DNA is a simple but very complex chemical that has the power to change the worldRe ad MoreThe Ethics of Genetic Engineering Essay2933 Words   |  12 PagesBioethics Outline: It is my belief that genetic engineering has promise to better mankind, and it is our ethical obligation to research it but not exploit it. There is a need to have a morally correct legislation that guides the way science develops this. Outline: I. Social a) Personal Privacy i. Individual rights b) Society i. Implication on society II. Religious a) Religious concerns b) Different religion views III. Medical Benefits a) What are they b) WhatRead MoreEssay about The Morals and Ethics of Genetic Engineering3310 Words   |  14 Pagesbreakthrough, genetic engineering has been on a path toward changing the world since its introduction in 1973 by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer (What). However, as genetic engineering slowly permeates the lives of humanity, the morals and ethics behind what are now common practices are entering public attention, and as a culture we are left to question whether the change brought on by such a discovery bring benefits and positive change, or damage and destruction. Genetic engineering is justifiedRead MoreEthics of Human Cloning and Genetic Engineering Essay1843 Words   |  8 Pagesunfertilized sheep egg and removed its genetic material. They then placed the empty egg in a dish with a cell from an adult sheeps udder, which contained a full complement of the adult sheeps genes. Finally the scientists applied an electric spark, which caused the two cells to fuse and begin dividing. The embryo was then transplanted into the womb of a surrogate mother to grow. The original aim of Dr Wilmuts nuclear transfer work was to find better ways to make genetic modifications in animals, by growingRead MoreThe Genetic Engineering Debate Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent discussions of genetic engineering, a controversial issue has been whether genetic engineering is ethical or not. In â€Å"The Person, the Soul, and Genetic Engineering,† JC Polkinghorne discusses about the moral status of the very early embryo and therapeutic cloning. J. H. Brooke’s article â€Å"Commentary on: The Person, the Soul, and Genetic Engineering† comments and state opinions that counter Polkinghorne’s article. On the other hand John Harris’s â€Å"â€Å"Goodbye Dolly?† The Ethics of Human Cloning† examinesRead MoreSale - Pro Plans Are 20% Off Today View Plans. Gradeproof1164 Words   |  5 PagesSentence Count: 28 Readability: 11.52 % Grade Level: 16.59 years Reading Time: 2 minutes Speaking Time: 4 minutes Type your title here... Genetic Engineering is a common theme of Gattaca, Splice, and Blade Runner. Gattaca takes place in a future where the best opportunities are given people that have the best genes, as a result from Genetic Engineering (cite). The main character Vincent has not been genetically engineered and has many health issues like Myopia (cite). He aspires to become an

Effects Of Deprivation And Privation Of A Maternal...

This essay will look at research into the effects of deprivation and privation of a maternal attachment on orphans in both Romania and around the world. Attachment is the emotional tie to a parent that an infant experiences, giving the child security. It develops gradually to the primary care giver and is important for survival (Boyd Bee, 2009). In some cases children may experience a disruption of this attachment which is known as deprivation (Key Book Ref). Bowlby’s (1965) maternal deprivation hypothesis states it is essential for the mental health of an infant and young child to experience a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with the mother. If a child is deprived of its mother, or any consistent caregiver, between 6 months and 5 years, known as the critical period, then this would lead to serious cognitive, emotional and social difficulties later in life. Bowlby’s 44 Thieves Study (1944) supports the maternal deprivation thesis. It found that 32% of thieves were diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths with the majority experiencing separation for at least a week before the age of 5, illustrating that maternal deprivation can seriously disrupt healthy emotional development. Although, Rutter (1999) refute this and established that separation associated with illness was not associated with delinquency, but if separation was associated with stress, children were four times as likely to become delinquent, suggesting t hat Bowlby’s thieves had probably suffered fromShow MoreRelatedAttachment Theory 41928 Words   |  8 Pagess maternal deprivation hypothesis assumes that continual disruption of the attachment bond between the infant and primary caregiver would result in long term cognitive, social and emotional difficulties for the child. To what extent has research into deprivation and privation supported this view. Bowlby claimed that the role of a mother was essential to a child and without this essential mother figure it would affect the child’s psychological health. He called this theory the maternal deprivationRead MoreDiscuss the Evidence That Attachment Relationships in Early Childhood Can Have Positive and Negative Consequences.1591 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the evidence that attachment relationships in early childhood can have positive and negative consequences. Attachment is described as an affectionate reciprocal relationship between an individual and another individual. Much psychological research has been carried out into the types of attachments that infants form with their caregivers, and the results gained from these studies show how early attachments can affect children whether positively or negatively. Some psychologistsRead MoreThe Role of Attachment in Infancy Is Vital in Subsequent Emotional Development1223 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space† McLeod (2009), as a core component of social and emotional development, the necessity and role of caregivers is a heavily researched area. Theories differ on the impairment that a crippled or complete lack of attachment causes to an infant in terms of social, emotional or intellectual development. These theories range from Harlow’s unethical work with infant rhesus monkeys to Chisholm’s studyRead MoreThe Importance of Attachment2694 Words   |  11 Pagesadapt to their surrounding and this will also impact on their ability to form positive relationships. For some children that are in care or from difficult families, their attachments may not be formed as easily as those who do not have the same circumstances. There are many theories that have evidence supporting bonding and attachment. Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues were interested in studying the reactions of babies when the parents/carers left and returned to rooms. They came up with three differentRead MoreLife and Work of John Bowlby2584 Words   |  11 PagesHe later said, I wouldn t send a dog away to boarding school at age seven.[2] Because of such experiences as a child, he displayed a sensitivity to children’s suffering throughout his life. However, with his characteristic attentiveness to the effects of age differences, Bowlby did consider boarding schools appropriate for children aged eight and older, and wrote, If the child is maladjusted, it may be useful for him to be away for part of the year from the tensions which produced his difficultiesRead MoreInvestigating Crime and Relevant Issues Essay7311 Words   |  30 PagesDifferences between such identical twins are taken to be produced primarily by environmental factors. Dizygotic (DZ) twins develop from the fertilisation of two eggs. They do not share the same genetic characteristics. By comparing the effects of environments on identical and non-identical twins it is possible to determine the extent to which hereditary features play a part. It is claimed by Christiansen (1977) who studied 3586 pairs of twins from the Danish islands that

Objectives Related to the Cryptocurrency-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Explain the objectives related to the Cryptocurrency. Answer: Introduction In this new world of technology where every operation is being digitalized, cryptocurrency can be state as the boon for the fund transfer system. The aim of this report is to bring light in the topic cryptocurrency and thoroughly explain the objectives related to the cryptocurrency. This report also introduces the Bitcoin that is the most popular cryptocurrency and in manner to prove the words, it has been chosen as the example. There are uncountable advantages of using this technology and some of them described in the below report. Besides of these advantages, there are certain disadvantages or issues with the use of cryptocurrency and the basic principles such as pseudo anonymous and decentralized system has made this technology that much popular and even these are the most critical issues that is stopping it from being spread and used as the primary source. Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency can be defined in a simple way as, just limited entries in a data base no one can change without fulfilling the particular conditions. This seems to be an ordinary technology but in real it is very much complex and this is just a simple definition. It can also be regarded as the form of digital money that has been designed in a manner to be secured while transaction in many ways (Gamble, 2017). A currency is being associated with the internet using the cryptography technology, which is a process of converting legible information to a unique code that cannot be decoded easily, for tracking the purchases and exchange. For better understanding the Cryptocurrency, it is important to gain knowledge about the cryptography technology (Tekobbe McKnight, 2016). During the World War II, cryptography was born for securing the communication network. It has been being evolved continuously since then with the elements of computer science and mathematical theory for making the netwo rk, communication, information, and money transfer much secured. Cryptocurrency Existence Cryptocurrencies are being popular because of its security level, level of anonymity as transactions made through cryptocurrencies cannot be reversed or faked, and charges are very low to use them that makes it more reliable than traditional currencies. The decentralized property that means availability for everyone is another reason for its popularity (Tekobbe McKnight, 2016). There are certain links to the dark web that can be stated as an illegal activity and a consumer should overlook such topics before buying the currency. Bitcoin was the very first crypto currency that came into account in 2009 and right now, it is the best cryptocurrency that is being spreading into the market (Hughes Middlebrook, 2014). As the technology is getting evolved necessity and availability of such technologies are also increasing that lead to the birth of more than 900 such cryptocurrencies on the internet that are being practiced right now. Working of Cryptocurrency Decentralized technology is being used in the cryptocurrencies for securing the mode of payment that is being made online and keeping them stored in a virtual bank without having an official account. This technology runs on the blockchain process, which is a distributed public ledger called that can be described as a record of the updates on the transactions and the left amount that is being held by currency holders (White, 2015). A process called mining, are being used for creating units of cryptocurrencies that involves usage of computer technology in manner to solve complicated math problems for generating the coins (Tudor, 2014). There are several brokers also present in the market, who can sell the currencies and help in storing and spending those using cryptographic wallets. Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, Litecoin are some of the common cryptocurrencies that are being used in the present time (Scott, 2016). Crypto Technology It is a technology, which is based on cryptography that has been evolved in the World War II, and came in trend from last few decades. It can be stated as a technology that can be used to make encryption over the files that are about to saved on the internet and a proper decryption code is used to decode them in manner to stop being accessed by an unauthorized user (Hofer, 2014). There are two basic components of the crypto-technology that can be stated as: Public Key Cryptography and the Blockchain. Block Chain Blockchain can be described as the special form of ledger that can be helpful in keeping track of the evidences about who is holding what assets and that is the most hard to modify deceitfully. Pseudo-anonymity is the other important property of the blockchain that is an important aspect for cryptocurrency (English, Auer Domingue, 2016). Blockchain technology cannot be described as the technology that is being used in all the cryptocurrencies rather it is being used only in decentralized cryptocurrencies that uses proof-of-stake and proof-of-work protocols. It can also be described as the publicly reviewable ledger containing a verified record of every transaction. Synchronization of blockchain technology is then very important aspect for using it efficiently that means blockchain, ledgers must be kept synchronized among each other, or it can also be expressed as distributed consensus that emphasis on the need of mechanism that prevents a client form accepting conflicting messages a bout the fake transactions and many more (Zheng et al., 2016). Another important topic in the cryptocurrencies is the mining and it is a little bit complicate what miners do in real. Three basic steps are being followed in a process that can be listed as: The hash (#): It can be described as the product of algorithm that is being used to turn data of a variable in a variable length into data of particular length. New proposed transactions broadcast block in the Bitcoin network (Gordon, 2017). Guessing of a random number by the miners that is being stated as nonce. Bit-Coin As discussed earlier this is the very first cryptocurrency that came into existence and currently most vital in the market that is capable of addressing the Byzantine General Problem. Bitcoin software helps in enabling a network for the computers in manner to maintain a collective bookkeeping using the internet that neither is in control of one party, nor closed that result in absence of central record-keeper (Shi et al., 2014). It is not only digital money; rather it is more important than that, which can be described as the sum of technologies that is creating an ecosystem. Bitcoin includes of the four main technologies (Davidson, Flippi Potts, 2016): Public transaction ledger Decentralized peer-to-peer network Decentralized transaction evaluation system and A completely decentralized Mathematical Currency Issuance Mechanism Properties of Cryptocurrency Following are the list of properties of the cryptocurrency: Irreversible:The transaction made at the first place cannot be reversed or an user cannot get back the coins (money) after making confirmation for the transaction and it cannot reversed by any means or any authority (Osterrieder, Lorenz Strika, 2016). There is also not much safety in this network and no one could even help if any hacker steals the funds or by mistake, an individual transfer to other account. This leads to the less reliability on this technology. Pseudonymous:It emphasis on using the service without having a real world identity and an individual does not need any government proof to open an account and share money. It can be a random individual, who transfers the money or the identity that is being used can be fake. Fast and global:The transactions that have been propagated do arrive for an instances and a user have to confirm it within a couple of minutes (ElBahraw et al., 2017). This is being happened in the global network of the whole world network of the computers they are completely indifferent of the physical location of the users irrespective of the distance between the two consumers. Secure:In general, Cryptocurrency funds have been locked in the system of a public key cryptography that results in the access of the transfer of the currency by the user only who is the right owner of that currency. Proper encryption and cryptography technology makes the currency to be inaccessible by an unauthorized user. Bitcoin is much more secured cryptography than Front Knox cryptocurrencies. Permissionless: No permission is needed to access, as it is available for every user that is connected to the internet (Ahn et al., 2016). It is software easily available on the Web and anyone can download it and access it. You dont have to ask anybody to use cryptocurrencies. Figure 1: Features of Cryptocurrency (Source: Created by Author) Issues related to the Cryptocurrency Besides of all of the features and advantages there are certain issues related to the practice of cryptocurrencies that can be listed as: Insecurity: As stated earlier transactions are reversible that also eliminates the most important factor of making business that is reliability, and loyalty. There not any such service whom you can call and discuss about the transaction and get your refund if any fraud happens (Hsieh, Vergne Wang, 2017). It aims at pseudo anonymous and decentralized that makes it vulnerable to be hacked by the hackers and stolen in unauthorized way. Volatility: Since the market of bitcoins are very much volatile in nature (as in between January 2015 and November 2013 50% value collapsed) it is not preferable for long-term use. Price fluctuations will affect the business and money cannot be recovered during low markets. Money is created at a depreciating rate: most of the cryptocurrencies do not follow the economic principle of money stated by the government and money is being created at a rapid depreciating rate. Proof of work: The energy consumption that needs to be maintained while the process is going on has been criticized by for the hardware arms race that has been created by it (Cocco et al., 2017). No inflation/ limited supply: it is an issue related to the economic effects of the cybercurrencies reaching its final detrimental effect of the absence of inflation in the whole system. Confirmation time: This is another issue related to the use of cybercurrencies as most of the servers provides at least ten minutes for the confirmation of transaction. Blockchain Bloating: blockchain is nothing but a file as more transactions are being done more the size of the file will increase. Solution to the Issues It should be operated by the organization irrespective of the independent organization and should be based on the government policies of finance and economy. The account should be opened with proper identity defining the permanent address of the user. The transaction should be made reversible and there should be customer assistance service for the contact if a user feels the act of fraud. Another solution related to such issues can be proposed as the network should be made secured and any user entering the network should be recorded with their virtual address of the computers (Bonneau et al., 2015). From the perceptive of the user it can be recommended that he or she should cross check all the objectives before making any investment and check whether he or she is being framed for any fraud or not. Cryptocurrency Security There are two very crucial components for the security in cryptocurrencies and the first part focuses on the difficulty that is being faced in finding hash set intersections that is being done by the miners. The second crucial component can be described as of the two cases is a51% attack (Schaffner, 2015). For an instance, the miner capable of controlling the mining in more than 51% of the network has the capability to alter the blockchain and he could generate an alternative block-chain for the same network. Through achieving the objective a user will be able to revise the transactions made by him and will be capable of blocking other transactions (Yang, Kou Liu, 2017). Future of Crypto Currency It can be stated that the market of cryptocurrencies is wild and fast. Every day thousands of transactions are being made and lots of investor losing or gaining money from the cryptocurrencies. Some of the users survive for the first month and most are pumped and dumped by speculators and live on as zombie coins until the last bagholder loses hope ever to see a return on his investment (Gipp, Meuschke Gernandt, 2015). Besides of all the facts related to the disadvantage of cryptocurrency it has the capability to change the future and it can be experienced that it is changing the face of fund transfer. Most of the retailers and customers are using Bitcoin as the media to exchange currencies and trying to be protected against the devaluation of their national currency. Most of the Asian companies are using Bitcoin and are using darknets of flourishing and cybercrime. The technology is being evolved and in future, it is being estimated that it will eliminate the banking and physical money transaction. Institutional investors have also started to buy the cryptocurrencies. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that, as it had been appeared very early, even that it is a very new technology for most of the sectors and cryptocurrencies are being technically much advanced. Most the systems, which are responsible for the proper functioning of the society had been centralized and are not accessed on pseudo anonymity rather it is based on these principles. People always fear the change and want to be stick with the traditional methods irrespective of the advantages and facilities or ease to access. This report shows how cryptocurrencies can change the face of the fund transfer in the world. With respect to the disadvantages, there are certain measures that could be taken but they seem to be impractical in the real world. There is the extreme need of a responsible authority that could help in making this system a systematic transactional method and much secured. In other words, it can be said that it is the necessity of the time for such technology but certain authority that can give guarantee on the processes should centralize it. Cryptography technology is being used to make the transaction secured but there should be a refund system for the users. This technology is highly vulnerable to cyberattacks as most of the users are connected to the dark web, which can be described as the dark side of the internet. There are certain examples like the cases of ransomware attack have been increasing continuously day by day and intruders are using cryptocurrencies as a medium to achieve success in looting others. Suggestion Making cryptocurrency a centralized system can be recommended to make this as the basic system that can be used by everyone and make the system more secured. It should be made as the basic medium for exchanging the currency. Retailers are using it but it should be implemented within the systems of each retailer. References Ahn, G. J., Doupe, A., Zhao, Z., Liao, K. (2016). Ransomware 7 and cryptocurrency.Cybercrime Through an Interdisciplinary Lens,26, 105. Bonneau, J., Miller, A., Clark, J., Narayanan, A., Kroll, J. A., Felten, E. W. (2015, May). Sok: Research perspectives and challenges for bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. InSecurity and Privacy (SP), 2015 IEEE Symposium on(pp. 104-121). IEEE. Cocco, L., Concas, G., Marchesi, M. (2017). Using an artificial financial market for studying a cryptocurrency market.Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, 1-21. Davidson, S., De Filippi, P., Potts, J. (2016). Disrupting governance: The new institutional economics of distributed ledger technology. ElBahrawy, A., Alessandretti, L., Kandler, A., Pastor-Satorras, R., Baronchelli, A. (2017). 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Blockchain Challenges and Opportunities: A Survey.Work Pap